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Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) measures the proportion of sodium ions in the cation exchange complex. High ESP levels (>15%) indicate sodic soils, which are prone to poo...
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Soil augerings do no permit a comprehensive soil profile description. Augerings are made for routine soil observation and identification in soil mapping, and for that purpose ...
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Soluble salts refer to dissolved salts in the soil solution, primarily composed of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate ions. Excessive soluble salts cause salini...
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After pressure, soil material adheres to both thumb and finger and tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than pulling free from either digit.
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Aggregates are clearly observable in place and there is a prominent arrangement of natural surfaces of weakness. When disturbed, the soil material separates mainly into entire...